Research on leadership was temporarily abandoned in the 1950s due to the lack of consistent leadership traits. Most contemporary theories suggest that leadership is a complex mix of traits, skills, and behavior that come together to form the concept leadership can take place based on the needs of a situation, team, or individual.
Studies of Leadership
Within the past decade or so, psychologists focused attention on the Big Five personality characteristics developed by the trait and factor theorists Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa. Personality theorists argue that these five dimensions capture critical aspects of personality – the generally permanent psychological orientations of individuals. These aspects distinguish individuals in terms of behavior.
According to Hogan, Curphy, and Hogan, leaders are distinguished by higher levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, cooperativeness, and intellect (Hall & Tolbert, 2005). They argue that these characteristics distinguish leaders from followers, based on studies of emergent leaders. John Kotter and James Heskett similarly studied emergent leaders as transformational leaders who “are able to create fundamental changes in their organization’s values, missions, and cultures” (Plunkett, Attner, Allen, pg. 439).
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